Identification of Cryptosporidium oocyst and Giardia cyst in of the samples of raw surface water of Kan River in Tehran Giardia cyst in the water of Kan River in Tehran
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Background: Giardia and Cryptosporidium are considered as the most important causual agents of non-bloody diarrhea especially among primary school children in many countries including Iran. Many rivers are contaminated with Cryptosporidium oocyst and Giardia lamblia cysts due to domestic wastewater or farms wastewater and also the living of rodents on their margins. The present study aims to evaluate Kan River contamination with Cryptosporidium oocyst and Giardia cyst in Tehran by molecular method.
Method: sampling was conducted from different parts of Kan River in different seasons in 2019. Firstly, the smear has been prepared from sediments after filtering the water and collecting the sediment, and stained with trichrome and acid-fast methods and finally were examined microscopically. Then, they were amplified with Nested-PCR method by using the specific primers, the giardian gene from Giardia and 18s rRNA gene from Cryptosporidium. Positive samples were sequenced and phylogenetic tree was drawn.
Results: After the microscopic investigation, 12 suspected samples of Giardia cyst and 2 suspected samples of Cryptosporidium oocyst were detected, but only 4 samples infected with Giardia lamblia were molecularly found and no Cryptosporidium infection was observed. In terms of genotype, the identified Giardia was 100% consistent with human isolates of genotype B.
Conclusion: The presence of Giardia lamblia cyst in the water of Kan River indicates the contamination of this river to human contaminating parasites.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
References
Adam D. Biology of Giardia lamblia, Clin. Microbiol, Rev. 2001, 14: 447-475 .
deRegnier, DP, Cole L, Schupp DG, and Erlandsen SL, Biability of Giardia cysts suspended in lak, eiver, and tap water. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1989, 55: 1223-1229.
Bean, NH, Goulding JS, Lao C, and Angulo FJ. Surveillance for foodbone- disease outbreaks- United States, 1988-1992. CDC Surveillance Summaries. Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, October 25, 1996, 45 (NSS-5): 1-66.
Adam D. Biology of Giardia lamblia, Clin Microbiol, Rev, 2001, 14: 447-475 .
Markel EK, Voge M, and John DT. Medical Parasitology, 11 th ed., WB Saunders, 2000.
Graczyk TK, Frayer R, Craneld MR . Zoonotic potential of Cryptosporidium par v um: implications for waterborne cryptosporidiosis. Appl Environ Microbiol, 1997; 13: 348-51.
Mohammadi Qalebin, B, Fallah, A , Asgharzadih, M, Kazemi, A. Identification of Cryptosporidium species in water resources of Ardabil using PCR- RFLP method. Journal of Scientific Research Ardabil University of Medicine Science. 2007; 7(2): 177-183. (In Persian).
Shahsavari Pour N, Esmaeili Sari A. Examination of Microbial Pollution of Haraz River and determination of allowed applications of the river water according to international standards. Sciences and Technology of Environment. 2011; 13(4):-94. (In Persian).
Herati Z, Moazed H, Houshmand AR. Qualitative simulation of the Karun River in the Qir-Ahvaz Dam using the QUAL2K model.presented at the National Conference on Water, Humans, and Earth. 2013, Available: https://sid.ir/paper/870603/fa
Kalantari N, Rahimi M, Motori F. Chemical and biological assessment of water resources of Sia–Mansoor area, Dezful. Journal of Environmental Studies. 2011; 37(59):29-42. (In Persian)
Hassanzadeh, R, Abbas Nejad, A, Hamza, M. Evaluation of Groundwater Contamination in Kerman. Environmental studies, 2010; 36(56):101-110. (In Persian)
Hassani A, Khani H, Sayadi F, Ghadami W, Khasto H. Checking the microbial status in groundwater resources of villages in Eslamshahr. Sciences and Technology Environment. 2010; 12(1):95-200. (In Persian)
Ayatollah Nasrollahi O, Bai A., Pourshamsian Kh, Karimi Kh, Hashemi M, Maghsoudlou B. Determination of bacteriological and physiochemical parameters of drinking water of gorgan city, iran (2010). Medical Laboratory Journal. 2011; (1): 13–17. (In Persian)
Hassani A, Sayadi M, Jaafari S. Investigation of Pesticides Effect on Groundwater Quality of Shemiranat Villages. Journal of Water and Wastewater. 2011, 23; 81:119. (In Persian)
Robat Sarpooshi Gh, Choupani R, Tarkhasi D, Rahmani Sani A. Evaluation of Drinking Water Biological and Chemical Quality in Rural Villages Under Vision of Rabat Sarpush and Shamkan Villages of Sabzevar City. Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences and Health Services. 2012; 17(1): 13-17. (In Persian)
Yaghoubzadeh Z, Safari R. Evaluation of bacterial contamination of surface waters of Haraz River. Journal of Molecular and Cellular Researches, 2015; 28, 1 (1): 136-141. (In Persian)
Kafilzadeh F, Aram M, Sharifi A, Nghmachy M. The isolation and examination of the kinetics of resistant to Mercury bacteria growth at Maharloo Lake. Journal of Medical Microbiology. Iran. 2012; 6. (8): 28-38. (In Persian)
Fallah M, Bastami Nejad S, Maghsoud M, Rahmani A, Kakaei H, Akbari A. Searching for Giardia cysts and Cryptosporidium Oocysts in drinking water resources. Journal of Ilam University of Medical Sciences. 2013; 21(5):29-33 (In Persian).
Hashemi M, Islamic M, Zazouli M. Determining the contamination of fecal coliforms of water resources in some villages of sari using multiple-pipe fermentation test ( MPN). Journal of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. 2013. Twenty-third Issue. Number 104. (In Persian)
Falsafi S, Zakir Bostan Abad S, Feyzabadi M, Khavari Nejad, R, Hashemi Shahraki A, Ghalami, M, Sheikh N. Comparison and Optimization of separation methods of non-tuberculous mycobacteria from surface water. Journal of Cellular-Molecular biotechnology news. 2014; 4 (15):115-121. (In Persian)
Dalimi A, Tahvildar F, Ghaffarifar F, Kazemi B. Identification of Cryptosporidium species isolated from humans by PCR-RFLP method in Tehran. Modares Journal of Medical Sciences: Biological Pathology, 17( 2): 39-48. (In Persian)
Xiao L, Alderisio K, Limor j, Royer M, Lal A A. Identification of species and sources of Cryptosporidium oocysts in storm waters with a small - subunit rRNA - Based Diagnostic and Genotyping Tool. Appl. Environ Microbiol 2000, 66: 5492-5498.
Xiao L, Singh A, Limor j, Graczyk TK, Gradus S, Lal A. Molecular characterization of Cryptosporidium oocysts in samples of Raw surface water and wastewater. Appl. Environ Microbial 2001, 67: 1097-1101.